A measurement of piano playing

Roll direction

When a chord is rolled, whether it starts from the bottom or the top.

What it sounds like

The same passage — Chopin Étude 10/1, bars 1–4 — from the recordings that sit lowest and highest on this measurement. Every clip is a note list replayed on one sampled grand at one gain, so the only difference you are hearing is the playing.

Least

Dmitri Shelest, 2006 — bars 1–4, roll direction 0 % up6 s
Claudio Arrau, 1956 — bars 1–4, roll direction 0 % up6 s

Most

Yulianna Avdeeva, 2006 — bars 1–4, roll direction 92 % up7 s
Peijie Angela Yu, 2017 — bars 1–4, roll direction 75 % up6 s

How it is calculated

Of the rolled chords, the share that begin on their lowest note.

How much pianists differ on it

Every piece in the library, with the range across its recordings. The units mean the same thing in every row, except for basic tempo, which is in each piece’s own beat.

PieceRecordingsLowestMedianHighest
Gymnopédie 1230543
Ravel Pavane332967
Rachmaninoff Prelude2931438
Träumerei3101688
Pathétique II4731670
Brahms Op. 118/22812097
Nocturne Op. 48/12772750
Nocturne Op. 9/23242863
Clair de lune2753371
Mozart K. 54536123671
Schubert Op. 90/34333679
Chopin Ballade 412183762
Fantaisie-Impromptu2063985
Chopin Étude 10/12104392
Schubert Op. 142/39315068
Ravel Ondine61215062
Chopin Étude 10/1219275690

How reliably it can be measured

A Disklavier capture — the pianist’s own key sensors, no microphone — was rendered to audio, transcribed as if it were a recording, and re-measured. The error the transcription step introduces, as a multiple of how far pianists actually differ on this dial, is 0.35. solid This dial survives transcription intact: where one recording sits on it can be argued from.