A measurement of piano playing

Bass anticipation

How often the bass is placed clearly ahead of the melody.

What it sounds like

The same passage — Brahms Op. 118/2, bars 1–3 — from the recordings that sit lowest and highest on this measurement. Every clip is a note list replayed on one sampled grand at one gain, so the only difference you are hearing is the playing.

Least

Peter Rösel, 1975 — bars 1–3, bass anticipation 1 %8 s
Igor Levit, 2024 — bars 1–3, bass anticipation 1 %8 s

Most

Wilhelm Backhaus, 1957 — bars 1–3, bass anticipation 55 %7 s
Glenn Gould, 1960 — bars 1–3, bass anticipation 36 %7 s

How it is calculated

Share of two-hand chords whose lowest note precedes the right hand by more than 50 ms.

How much pianists differ on it

Every piece in the library, with the range across its recordings. The units mean the same thing in every row, except for basic tempo, which is in each piece’s own beat.

PieceRecordingsLowestMedianHighest
Gymnopédie 1230055
Pathétique II470338
Rachmaninoff Prelude291312
Chopin Étude 10/1310358
Mozart K. 54537049
Ravel Pavane331537
Träumerei310549
Chopin Étude 10/12191818
Chopin Ballade 4124817
Brahms Op. 118/22811055
Nocturne Op. 48/12751123
Schubert Op. 90/34311252
Schubert Op. 142/3991318
Fantaisie-Impromptu2011526
Nocturne Op. 9/23211837
Clair de lune2721838
Ravel Ondine6162237

How reliably it can be measured

A Disklavier capture — the pianist’s own key sensors, no microphone — was rendered to audio, transcribed as if it were a recording, and re-measured. The error the transcription step introduces, as a multiple of how far pianists actually differ on this dial, is 0.04. solid This dial survives transcription intact: where one recording sits on it can be argued from.